Catalan Navy
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The Catalan navy was a
navy A navy, naval force, or maritime force is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval warfare, naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral zone, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations and ...
from
Catalonia Catalonia (; ca, Catalunya ; Aranese Occitan: ''Catalonha'' ; es, Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a ''nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy. Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran) lies on the north ...
. It encompassed the Catalan ships, Catalan admirals and Catalan crew, that were under the direct or indirect orders of the counts of
Barcelona Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ci ...
and represented a reality recognized throughout the Mediterranean from its origins in the 9th century, as stated by Einhard in ''Annales regni Francorum'' (), until
Ferdinand the Catholic Ferdinand II ( an, Ferrando; ca, Ferran; eu, Errando; it, Ferdinando; la, Ferdinandus; es, Fernando; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), also called Ferdinand the Catholic (Spanish: ''el Católico''), was King of Aragon and Sardinia from ...
. In later times, ships built and manned on the Catalan coast, even, some of them, under the authority of non-Catalan kings, such as the kings of
Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
, staged some important events. Similarly, the navies of the kingdoms of
Mallorca Mallorca, or Majorca, is the largest island in the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain and located in the Mediterranean. The capital of the island, Palma, is also the capital of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. The Bal ...
and
Valencia Valencia ( va, València) is the capital of the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Valencian Community, Valencia and the Municipalities of Spain, third-most populated municipality in Spain, with 791,413 inhabitants. It is ...
had their own entity and can be studied separately.


Fame of the Catalan navy

The modern generic designation "Armada del rey de Aragón" is inexact and not very descriptive of medieval reality,Bentley, Jerry H.Andrea Brancaleone. because until
Ferdinand the Catholic Ferdinand II ( an, Ferrando; ca, Ferran; eu, Errando; it, Ferdinando; la, Ferdinandus; es, Fernando; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), also called Ferdinand the Catholic (Spanish: ''el Católico''), was King of Aragon and Sardinia from ...
, the
galley A galley is a type of ship that is propelled mainly by oars. The galley is characterized by its long, slender hull, shallow draft, and low freeboard (clearance between sea and gunwale). Virtually all types of galleys had sails that could be used ...
s of the Crown of Aragon were Catalan, Valencian or Majorcan. They were often owned by local institutions (Generalitat, municipalities, etc.). Sometimes they were privately owned, or brought into the service of the king.Antonio de Herrera.Fernando Patxot y Ferrer. For quite a long time, the fame of the Catalan army was recognized by many writers:


''Book of the Consulate of the Sea''

The ''Book of the Consulate of the Sea,'' a Catalonian compendium of Mediterranean
maritime law Admiralty law or maritime law is a body of law that governs nautical issues and private maritime disputes. Admiralty law consists of both domestic law on maritime activities, and private international law governing the relationships between priva ...
'','' has an appendix entitled "Ordinations of all Ships who will arm themselves to go to choirs, and of all navies that are faciper sea". The summary note indicates the positions and functions appropriate to the service, as can be seen from its list by subject: An appendix is the Penal Ordinances for the service of the Navy, made up of 39 articles bearing this heading: "King Peter chapters on maritime facts and acts" (King Peter chapters on the maritime facts and actions) promulgated in Barcelona by royal order in 1430 and which were issued by three notable sailors from Barcelona: Bernat de Cabrera, Jaume Boscà and Joan Llompart.


Catalan Galleys

The ''Catalan galley'' (formerly galea) was a type of
ship A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research, and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished ...
powered by oars and the wind. Depending on the purpose, it could serve as a
warship A warship or combatant ship is a naval ship that is built and primarily intended for naval warfare. Usually they belong to the armed forces of a state. As well as being armed, warships are designed to withstand damage and are usually faster a ...
or as trade ship. It was mentioned in the 13th century by Corominas in his ''
Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana The ''Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana'' is a four-volume etymological dictionary of Spanish compiled by the Catalan philologist Joan Corominas (1905-1997), and first published by Francke Verlag in Bern, Switzerland, in ...
'', who references a ''Catalan galley'' in the year 1120 AD (100 years earlier than all neighboring countries).Joan Corominas. The Catalans were building Catalan galleys at least as early of the 12th century, using them for wars with maritime republics or for trade at most
Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...
ports, guaranteeing trade routes with Catalan consulates. Their use declined from the seventeenth century onward, when they were progressively replaced by
sailboat A sailboat or sailing boat is a boat propelled partly or entirely by sails and is smaller than a sailing ship. Distinctions in what constitutes a sailing boat and ship vary by region and maritime culture. Types Although sailboat terminology ...
s. They became defunct in the late eighteenth century.Nicolas (rev) Aubin.


Captain's galley

The captain's galley was a large galley, accompanied by a subtle, or light, squad of galleys and rowing logs. They regulated their fleet subordination, rewards, punishments, dangers, and profits. The men-in -arms constituted the admiral's guard. In combat, they never had to leave helpless, until they died. Their ordinary armament was the already mentioned crossbowmen, except what the admiral ordered. They were appropriate people for boarding, and they fought on all occasions; his prize was a quarter of the loot, apart from what the admiral could promise. The most desired prey was the cape's armor and all that the enemies wore at the time of the boarding, since once this was accomplished, they prescribed their rights. All the armed people were directly commanded by the so-called constable.


Combat

On board the Catalan galleys, the battles with other galleys were resolved only on boarding, in which the crews faced each other and, from the 16th century onwards, with
arquebus An arquebus ( ) is a form of long gun that appeared in Europe and the Ottoman Empire during the 15th century. An infantryman armed with an arquebus is called an arquebusier. Although the term ''arquebus'', derived from the Dutch word ''Haakbus ...
fire. Sometimes the oarsmen also joined the fight. Compared to the medium-sized galleons, which had twelve to twenty guns of greater
caliber In guns, particularly firearms, caliber (or calibre; sometimes abbreviated as "cal") is the specified nominal internal diameter of the gun barrel Gauge (firearms) , bore – regardless of how or where the bore is measured and whether the f ...
and range, the galleys had a fragile structure that was not very resistant to enemy fire, with a maximum of five
guns A gun is a ranged weapon designed to use a shooting tube (gun barrel) to launch projectiles. The projectiles are typically solid, but can also be pressurized liquid (e.g. in water guns/cannons, spray guns for painting or pressure washing, pr ...
at the bow. In combat the low structure of the galleys was overwhelmed by the high edges of the galleons, while their crew fired from the higher decks.


The crossbowmen "in table"

Crossbowmen were the most important offensive forces aboard a traditional galley. And they coexisted for many years with the arquebussers and artillerymen.
Ramon Muntaner Ramon Muntaner () (1265 – 1336) was a Catalan people, Catalan mercenary and writer who wrote the ''Crònica'', a chronicle of his life, including his adventures as a commander in the Catalan Company. He was born at Peralada. Biography T ...
was a supporter of professional crossbowmen, only recruited to act as crossbowmen (crossbowmen hired on the table to be agreed; hence the name "on board").Ramón Muntaner.Ángel San Martín. It was mandatory that every sailor with crossbowman duties in the galleys, had to have two crossbows with two feet and another one with a strap (that had a strap to arm it), three hundred pins, a steel helmet, a stitching (it could be the union of weight and point: heavy-point) or breastplate and sword or saber. The same armament had to be carried by crossbowmen ex officio in smaller ships. * The galleys were the same. Normal galleys only carried two rowers per bank: a dovecote and a postic. The galleys with third parties went with a third rower in each bank: the thirdol. They were faster but the number of professional crossbowmen was smaller. * Some foreign scholars translated (without justification or success) the "table" by a type of castle or protection reinforcement that only the Catalan galleys had.Charles D Stanton.


Catalan tartanes

Tartane in English and in most European languages (although in some it changes to ''tartana'' or ''tartan'' ) is a small
Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...
Latin sail
boat A boat is a watercraft of a large range of types and sizes, but generally smaller than a ship, which is distinguished by its larger size, shape, cargo or passenger capacity, or its ability to carry boats. Small boats are typically found on inl ...
(or bow-stern rig ) used between the 16th and 19th centuries. The different tartanes were used as couriers, for cabotage, as fishing boats, and as
warship A warship or combatant ship is a naval ship that is built and primarily intended for naval warfare. Usually they belong to the armed forces of a state. As well as being armed, warships are designed to withstand damage and are usually faster a ...
s. In their more than three hundred years of history, they had different designs, different numbers of masts and even varied sailing gear. Low on board, the tartanes measured between 16 and 20 metres, with a mast perpendicular to the keel planted in the middle, in which a
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
sail (master sail) and a jib called the ''polacia'' were hoisted. There are many cases of mizzen candle tartanes and other cases without mizzen candle. José Veitia Linaje (1670) refers to the tartanes as ''levantisco tide'', being used in navigation to the Indies. In the work ''Norte de la Contratación'' (Seville, 1672), he points out that: "Tartanes... of Latin sails, lifting of levantisks... but it is necessary to allow them 3 or 4 sailors from foreigners ("levantisks") for the sails, because the Spaniards do not understand their maneuver"..." (referring to the maneuver of the Latin sails). Veitia was the Official Judge of the Royal Audience of the Casa de Contratación de las Indias.José Manuel Domínguez Vicente; Real Compañía de Impresores y Libreros del Reino (Madrid
''Ilustración y continuación a la Curia filípica: trátase del comercio maritimo y tócanse muchas qüestiones del derecho publico... : Tomo tercero''
en la imprenta de don Gerónimo Ortega e hijos de Ibarra, 1790, p. 68–.
Reinforcing this fact, the ''Bulletin de la Société de géographie'' explains that "a 14-year-old boy practical of a Catalan tartane, at that age had already made the trip to Havana three times".


Origin

There is a reference to tartane as a boat in 1313 in
Catalonia Catalonia (; ca, Catalunya ; Aranese Occitan: ''Catalonha'' ; es, Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a ''nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy. Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran) lies on the north ...
, in which the king of Roussillon and Mallorca commanded: "do not wish to fish in the sea for the lord king ab tartans". Tartanes were present in the Western Mediterranean from the Middle Ages until the advent of the steam bous,LA TARTANA CHIOGGIOTTA, Mario Marzari
/ref> especially in
Occitania Occitania ( oc, Occitània , , or ) is the historical region in Western Europe, Western and Southern Europe where the Occitan language, Occitan language was historically spoken and where it is sometimes still used as a second language. This ...
where these boats were traditional along the Languedoc,
Catalonia Catalonia (; ca, Catalunya ; Aranese Occitan: ''Catalonha'' ; es, Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a ''nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy. Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran) lies on the north ...
and
Provence Provence (, , , , ; oc, Provença or ''Prouvènço'' , ) is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône to the west to the Italian border to the east; it is bor ...
coasts for fishing and cabotage throughout the
Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...
. By extension the same name was also given to fishing nets. Towards the 16th century there is news of a single deck tartane with three small masts in
Provence Provence (, , , , ; oc, Provença or ''Prouvènço'' , ) is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône to the west to the Italian border to the east; it is bor ...
(France).Tartanes
// Diccionario Enciclopédico Brockhaus y Efron: в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
Regarding its military use, one of the first mentions of the tartane in the 17th century is found in the 1614 book, Pantero-Pantera "el Armata Navale", where there is an explanation of the maneuvers of the tartanes of the French navy.


Etymology

On the origin of the name, there are several sources that refer to the Occitan ''tartane'' (a bird of prey), being in Catalan ''tartana'', and . According to studies on the basis of linguistic and literary analysis, the origin of the tartanes would be the coasts of the Gulf of León (Roussillon in 1313) where they were initially of smaller dimensions. The word is present in several languages, and some authors claim that it comes from the Arabic ''taridah'' which means ship.Patrimoine maritime et fluvial – Label BIP
.
But it is accepted by Corominas and others who defend that its etymology is Occitan by loan of the meaning, since the same ''Tartane'' word also designates the
common buzzard The common buzzard (''Buteo buteo'') is a medium-to-large bird of prey which has a large range. A member of the genus ''Buteo'', it is a member of the family Accipitridae. The species lives in most of Europe and extends its breeding range across ...
or other birds of prey, and its origin would be onomatopoeic by imitating the cry of the bird when hunting.


Images of tartanes

Jean Jouve in the album ''Plans of all ships sailing the Mediterranean Sea'' (in French, ''Dessins de tous les Bâtiments qui Naviguent sur la Méditerranée'') from 1679, shows these four images of single-mast tartanes: File:Jean Jouve, pl.18, Tartane 4.jpg, File:Jean Jouve, pl.16, Tartane 1.jpg, File:Jean Jouve, pl.17, Tartane 3.jpg, File:Jean Jouve, pl.15, Tartane 1.jpg, File:Jean Jouve, pl.19, Tartane 5.jpg, File:Jean Jouve, pl.20, Tartane 6.jpg,


Bilge pump on Catalan ships

In the high Middle Ages there does not seem to be any reference of any kind. In pre-modern times there are some refs: * In 1460, Miquel de Gualbes, from Barcelona, commissioned the master of Azuela de Mataró, Luis Pou, among other things: "... two beautiful round shafts for two horns, which are beautiful, from lonch and grux, to the sanity of the master finger".Hispania. Revista Española de Historia">José Mª Madurell i Marimón. The "two shafts" characterize the suction-impeller type pump. * In an inventory of the shipyards of Barcelona in 1467 you can read: "a sgotar horn". * Some verses from the poem Luigi Pulci "Il morgante maggiore" 1487 speak of how: "la tromba aggottava". * In 1460,
Girolamo Cardano Gerolamo Cardano (; also Girolamo or Geronimo; french: link=no, Jérôme Cardan; la, Hieronymus Cardanus; 24 September 1501– 21 September 1576) was an Italian polymath, whose interests and proficiencies ranged through those of mathematician, ...
describes one.Girolamo Cardano.


Barcelona bombards warehouse

According to the Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña (in 1359), in the middle of the fourteenth century the Catalan galleys (those of the other nations took a little longer), began to be armed with bombers on board, the fact was so important and secret that the committees took them out of a warehouse in Barcelona, forced to sign a document in which they said that they would not transfer them to any foreign nation under pain of death if they did so: "... the artillery that they took out as rented in the large warehouse bombardment, in the so-called General's Warehouse in Barcelona.Secció Històrico-Arqueològica
soldevila les quatre croniques bombarda ''Les Quatre grans Cròniques Volum: 4: Crònica de Pere III el Cerimoniós: Ferran Soldevila ; revisió filològica de Jordi Bruguera ; revisió històrica de M. Teresa Ferrer i Mallol ; [l'edició d'aquesta obra ha estat a cura de Josep Massot i Muntaner]''
José Arántegui y Sanz. They generally carried a central bay bombardment plus a few smaller
caliber In guns, particularly firearms, caliber (or calibre; sometimes abbreviated as "cal") is the specified nominal internal diameter of the gun barrel Gauge (firearms) , bore – regardless of how or where the bore is measured and whether the f ...
pieces to port and starboard. The power of these bombards, especially the side ones, was limited because the recoil from the shots shook the ship.


Shipyards of Barcelona

The shipyards of Barcelona, where all kinds of ships were built until the end of the 17th century, can be considered a great production complex from the Medieval Period and the Modern age, a true great modern factory: where hundreds of men worked, with their various activities, supported by the corresponding guilds, from their neighborhood inside the wall. The galleys were built "in series", anticipating the shapes of the modern assembly line. The productive capacity of Barcelona was impressive for the time: in 1571, in the imminence of the Battle of Lepanto, fifty ships were launched ready to go to Italy and
Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with ...
. In the battle of Lepanto, the
Catalans Catalans (Catalan language, Catalan, French language, French and Occitan language, Occitan: ''catalans''; es, catalanes, Italian language, Italian: ''catalani'', sc, cadelanos) are a Romance languages, Romance ethnic group native to Cataloni ...
(among others) experienced with great results the galleys made in Barcelona. They were larger and more stable galleys that could load batteries of large-caliber guns and fire in all directions; instead, it was impossible to maneuver the galleys with the oars, so they had to be towed by two smaller galleys.


Dead-reckoning in the Catalan Navy

With the Atlantic navigations of the time of the discoveries – apart from the compass – the tables, the astrolabe and the rod of Jacob or the quadrant were necessary, but it must be said that during these navigations – like the Mediterranean navigations – the distance navigated calculated by estimate, and, "navigation by appreciation" is not possible without an instrument to measure time.


Marine sandglass

For more than 500 years (from 1300 to 1800) the instrument for measuring time at sea was "the Ampoule of hours".Waters, David W. In Catalonia there are references of its manufacture since the middle of the 14th century made of Catalan transparent glass according to the formulas of the alchemist Guillem Sedacer, using as a fundent the soda obtained by burning the barrella (its ashes dissolved in water and
cast Cast may refer to: Music * Cast (band), an English alternative rock band * Cast (Mexican band), a progressive Mexican rock band * The Cast, a Scottish musical duo: Mairi Campbell and Dave Francis * ''Cast'', a 2012 album by Trespassers William * ...
with a
sieve A sieve, fine mesh strainer, or sift, is a device for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for controlling the particle size distribution of a sample, using a screen such as a woven mesh or net or perforated sheet material. T ...
have been the basis from the "laundry" to wash clothes from the Neolithic). The barrella grows on the Catalan coast from
Orihuela Orihuela (; ca-valencia, Oriola ) is a city and municipality located at the feet of the Sierra de Orihuela mountains in the province of Alicante, Spain. The city of Orihuela had a population of 33,943 inhabitants at the beginning of 2013. The mun ...
to
Montpellier Montpellier (, , ; oc, Montpelhièr ) is a city in southern France near the Mediterranean Sea. One of the largest urban centres in the region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania, Montpellier is the prefecture of the Departments of ...
and the Italian manuals for making Italian glass (La Sedacina and Arte Vetraria) say: "bisogna comprare la soda di Spagna". In an extensive inventory of the things owned by
Charles V of France Charles V (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380), called the Wise (french: le Sage; la, Sapiens), was King of France from 1364 to his death in 1380. His reign marked an early high point for France during the Hundred Years' War, with his armi ...
that were in his possession at the time of his death on 16 September 1380. There is an article cited as "heures de naviguer" from the king's study to his castle at Saint Germain in Laye, which is described as follows: This "orloge de mer" or "heures de naviguer" was sent to him, as a gift, when he was still just a prince (being, therefore, before 1356 when he took the place of his father in prison), by
John the hunter John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second ...
, through his daughter
Yolande of Aragon Yolande of Aragon (11 August 1384 – 14 November 1442) was Duchess of Anjou and Countess of Provence by marriage, who acted as regent of Provence during the minority of her son. She was a daughter of John I of Aragon and his wife Violant o ...
, when John asked to send him a manuscript by
Jean de Mandeville Sir John Mandeville is the supposed author of ''The Travels of Sir John Mandeville'', a travel memoir which first circulated between 1357 and 1371. The earliest-surviving text is in French. By aid of translations into many other languages, the ...
, "to translate it into the Aragonese language". This point is essential to know the language of the original, since it does not say "to translate it into the Catalan language", which would have been the most important action, because Catalan was their language - this fact therefore implied, that there was no need for a translation into Catalan - on the other hand, if there would have existed in Catalonia, a copy in Catalan language, John wouldn't have asked his daughter for an original, this fact proves that the manuscript in the hands of Yolande of Aragon was written in Catalan. The most interesting of this reference from
Charles V of France Charles V (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380), called the Wise (french: le Sage; la, Sapiens), was King of France from 1364 to his death in 1380. His reign marked an early high point for France during the Hundred Years' War, with his armi ...
, is that an hourglass is defined as "ung grant orloge de mer" ("a great sea watch"), this together with the fact that the first explanation of its use at sea it appears in "the twelfth of the Crestià" (work by M.Llauradó on
Francesc Eiximenis Francesc Eiximenis (; died 1409) was a Franciscan Catalan writer who lived in the 14th-century Crown of Aragon. He was possibly one of the more successful medieval Catalan writers since his works were widely read, copied, published and translated ...
) and that it was given to him by Johan de Hunter by means of his daughter Yolanda de Aragón, suggests that, in this period, the importance of an hourglass was commonly related to its use at sea and its manufacturing demand, it could have originated from the navigation needs of the Catalan navy a maritime power of the moment in the Mediterranean. *
Francesc Eiximenis Francesc Eiximenis (; died 1409) was a Franciscan Catalan writer who lived in the 14th-century Crown of Aragon. He was possibly one of the more successful medieval Catalan writers since his works were widely read, copied, published and translated ...
in the Dotzé del Crestià spoke of naval warfare and of the discipline and order to be observed on ships. Regarding the measurement of time, he wrote what appears in the picture: * In French galleys no reference could be found until the French manuscript Stolonomie from the years 1547–1550, where it says that each galley must carry: "... Quatres ampoulletes à sablon pour mestré les gardes à heures...". A phrase very similar to the Catalan Eiximenis.


Campaigns

The most famous campaigns where these ships fought, with several hundred galleys taking part in both, were the Lepanto campaign (1571) and the Invincible Army campaign (1588). Despite the fact that the history books do not recognize Catalan participation, the secret Venice-England archives released to the public say the opposite: Other important campaigns: * Mediterranean campaign of Alfonso the Magnanimous 1420–1423 All the troops of Alfonso the Magnanimous) embarked the galleys in Barcelona. * Granada campaign with the siege of Malaga, in 1492: "the royal was left without gunpowder and the king sent two galleys to Valencia and Barcelona for it" (Cura de los palacios) * Wars of Italy: All the troops of Ferdinand the Catholic (as well as those of his uncle Alfonso the Magnanimous) embarked the galleys in Barcelona. * Tunis Campaign in 1535: All the troops (as well as
Carlos V Charles V may refer to: * Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558) * Charles V of Naples (1661–1700), better known as Charles II of Spain * Charles V of France (1338–1380), called the Wise * Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (1643–1690) * Infant ...
and his cohort ) embarked on the galleys in Barcelona. In the following wars the Spanish thirds (as well as
Carlos V Charles V may refer to: * Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558) * Charles V of Naples (1661–1700), better known as Charles II of Spain * Charles V of France (1338–1380), called the Wise * Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (1643–1690) * Infant ...
and his cohort ) went in Catalan galleys from Barcelona to Genoa and the Italian thirds from Naples to
Genoa Genoa ( ; it, Genova ; lij, Zêna ). is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the List of cities in Italy, sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian ce ...
, there they took the Spanish way to their destination * Smalkald's War 1546–1547 * Flanders War 1548–1568


Battle timeline

* Nicothen Combat 1282 * Combat of Malta 1283 * Naples Golf Battle 1284 * Naval battle of Sant Feliu de Guíxols 1285 * Formigues Naval Battle 1285 * Battle of the Counts 1287 * Battle of Cape Orlando 1299 * Battle of Gagliano 1300 * Naval Battle of Cagliari 1324 * Bosporus Naval Battle 1352 * Zonklon Naval Battle 1352 * Naval battle of Puerto del Conde 1353 * Barcelona naval battle (1359) * Bône Naval Battle 1360 * Siege of Boniface 1420 * Battle of Foç Pisana 1421 * Looting of Marseille 1423 * Calvi Siege 1429 * Ponza Naval Battle (1435) * Battle of Ischia 1465 (plot of the Barons) * Siege of Kefalonia 1500 * Day of Meros el-Kebir 1506 * Conquest of Oran 1509 * Siege of Bejaïa (1514) * Battle of Formentera (1529) * Tunis Day 1535 * Battle of Préveza 1538 * Battle of Girolata 1540 * Battle of the Alboran Island 1540 * Algiers Day 1541 * Siege of Nice (1543) * Battle of Gerba (1560) * Siege of Malta (1565) * Battle of Terceira Island 1582 * Battle of LepantoErnesto Zaragoza Pascual.


Pisano-Catalan Crusade

The Pisano-Catalan Crusade to the
Balearic Islands The Balearic Islands ( es, Islas Baleares ; or ca, Illes Balears ) are an archipelago in the Balearic Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. The archipelago is an autonomous community and a province of Spain; its capital is ...
, which at the time was a Muslim taifa, consisted of an expedition in retaliation for the acts of piracy committed by the
Muslims Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abraha ...
who inhabited it, carried out by Ramón Berenguer III and his allies, in 1114. Founded in a treaty of 1113 between the Republic of Pisa and the Count of Barcelona, it had the objective of taking the island from the Muslims and preventing the attack and obstruction of the
Convoy A convoy is a group of vehicles, typically motor vehicles or ships, traveling together for mutual support and protection. Often, a convoy is organized with armed defensive support and can help maintain cohesion within a unit. It may also be used ...
s and ships of the Christian merchants who at that time were sailing in the
Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...
Sea. Although Mallorca was once again in Muslim power, it served to lay the foundations for the future Catalan naval power and to strengthen business contacts in the Mediterranean.


See also

*
Barcelona Royal Shipyard The Barcelona Royal Shipyard ( ca, Drassanes Reials de Barcelona, es, Atarazanas Reales de Barcelona) is a shipyard and former military building of Gothic architecture placed at the Port Vell area of the Port of Barcelona. Nowadays it houses the ...
*''
Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris The ''Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris'' (“Ordinances and Custom of the Sea”) was a convention governing maritime trade promulgated at Trani in 1063: "the oldest surviving maritime law code of the Latin West".Paul Oldfield, ''City and Community ...
'' *
Catalan cartography "Majorcan cartographic school" is the term coined by historians to refer to the collection of predominantly Jewish cartographers, cosmographers and navigational instrument-makers and some Christian associates that flourished in Majorca in the 13th ...
* ''
La Cartografía Mallorquina ''La Cartografía Mallorquina'' ('' Majorcan Cartography '') is a book of essays on the Majorcan portolans written by Professor Julio Rey Pastor with the collaboration of Ernesto García Camarero. It is a scholarly essay, a key element in the stu ...
'' *
Consulate of the Sea The Consulate of the Sea ( ca, Consolat de mar; ) was a quasi-judicial body set up in the Crown of Aragon, later to spread throughout the Mediterranean basin, to administer maritime and commercial law. The term may also refer to a celebrated co ...
*
Antoni Palau i Dulcet Antoni Palau Dulcet ( Montblanc, 1867 - Barcelona, 1954), librarian and bibliographer, author of the monumental ''Manual del librero hispano americano'' (''Hispanic American bookseller Manual '', 1923-1945), '' Conca de Barbera '' (1912),and nu ...
* ''
Història de la Marina Catalana The History of the Catalan Navy is a book written by Arcadi García Sanz that glosses the Catalan Navy, in trade and war, its exploits and conquests, in a historical compilation that covers from Prehistory to this day. It describes the maritime ba ...
'' *
Próspero de Bofarull y Mascaró Prospero de Bofarull y Mascaró (1777, in Reus – 1859) was a Spanish historian and archivist, archivist and director of the General Archive of the Crown of Aragon between 1814 and 1840 and from 1844 to 1849. Biography He has followed studies ...
* ''Memorias históricas'' (Capmany) *
Tartane A tartane (also tartan, tartana) was a small ship used both as a fishing ship and for coastal trading in the Mediterranean. They were in use for over 300 years until the late 19th century. A tartane had a single mast on which was rigged a large la ...
*
Marine sandglass A marine sandglass is a timepiece of simple design that is a relative of the common hourglass, a marine (nautical) instrument known since the 14th century (although reasonably presumed to be of very ancient use and origin). Sandglasses were used t ...


References


Bibliography

* Capmany Montpalau, Antoni
''"Ordinances of the naval navies of the Crown of Aragon approved fear the king D. Pedro IV year of MCCLIV".''
Royal Printing Press, 1787.   * Estrada Ríes, Albert   : "The Royal Shipyard of Barcelona in the Middle Ages: institutional organization and shipbuilding for the Crown of Aragon"; 2004 * Hernàndez Cardona, Xavier. ''Military history of Catalonia.'' ''Vol.'' 2". Rafael Dalmau, 2004. .   * García y Sanz, Arcadi
"History of the Catalan Navy"
; 1977 * * * * Morro Veny, Guillem: "The Majorcan naval army in 1342" * Orsi Lázaro, Mario
"The crews of the 1354 navy ships"
* Redondo García, Esther: "On the organization and financing of Pere el Ceremonioso's army against the island of Mallorca (1342)" * Rodon Oller, Francesc: "Facts of the Catalan Navy"; 1898 * Sans Barrutell, Joan
"Documents concerning the army that in 1351 ordered the King Don Pedro IV of Aragon against Genoese"
; 1851 * Sierra Puig, Eva: "The galleys of the Generalitat of 1599: effort and destiny of an old ambition" * Soldani, María Elisa: "The concerns of Catalan sailors regarding death. An analysis of the testamentary dispositions in the XIV and XV centuries " * * * {{cite book , title=История отечественного судостроения , location=Санкт-Петербург , publisher=Судостроение , year=1994 , volume=1 , isbn=5-7355-0479-7 , ref={{harvid, ИОС, 1994 , language=ru


External links


Royal Gallery to the Requesens Archive



Unali, Anna; Catalan sailors, pirates and corsairs in the late Middle Ages; Dimensions of a Catalan galley

Rubió and Lluch; Diplomatari del Oriente Catala; p.267 Inventory of a galley
Disbanded navies